Afsin Elbistan Site Visit Followup
Dear Energy Professional, Dear Colleagues
On 31st October, 1-2 November, we were in Afsin Elbistan coal mine and thermal power plant premises to participate "Clean Coal Technologies" workshop, which was organized by Chambers of Mining, Mechanical, Chemical and Electrical Engineers of Turkey.
Our workshop agenda covered the following key subjects
- Coal, its importance in Turkish Energy politics
- Turkish Local energy resources, renewable potentials
- Coal mine regional site planning
- Economics of Elbistan Coal Reserves,
- Coal preparation, Enhancing, Selective Mining,
- Recultivation of coal fields, Plant Recovery
- Coal gasification at site, underground in the mine field
- Coal gasification and liquefaction, above ground
- Applicable Coal firing technologies,
- Assessment of existing indirect pulverized coal firing
- New Coal firing technologies, Circulating Fluidized Bed,
- Integrated gasification combined cycle, applications
- Flue gas desulphurization, e/p dust collectors,
- New High Voltage Power transmission applications/ new solutions
We all know that the most important electric power generation projects are in "Afsin Elbistan" region where the largest lignite mines are located in Turkey; including almost half of the entire local proven reserves.
The existing power plants (Groups A and B) are based on pulverized coal firing technology which need relatively higher calorific value plus less moisture. Indirect type Pulverized coal firing technique can be successful only if you lower the moisture content and hence with higher the calorific value.
Available coal has a challenging content with very poor Low calorific value at about average 1150 kcal per kg, and 55% moisture, 20% ash, 1.5-4% sulphur.
We had the opportunity to listen/ visualize important presentations of Turkish academicians as well as market experts from public and private enterprises.
On Friday morning, we had the site visit to Elbistan lignite mine field in Kislakoy. We were very proud to observe that Kislakoy Lignite mine fields were extraordinary. It was a huge man-made valley, with huge bucket wheelers, reclaimers, and stackers - coal band conveyors in operation. It is my feeling that there are so few similar examples on the world.
We then passed near recultivated coal fields with new trees planted on. It was an extraordinary application of recultivation on already depleted coal fields.
Finally we arrived to the thermal power plants, named A and B each with 1400 MWe installed electric generating capacity at full load.
Thermal Power plant (A) has no fluegas desulphurization. It was built in early 1980s, and its firing technique was based on indirect firing of pulverized coal. Power plant (A) electrostatic precipitators were designed at low capacity dust collecting. One other set of E/Ps were loaded with 30% of incoming pulverized coal for drying prior to final firing in the boiler combustion chamber. Hence they cannot carry the extended load and they are out of service most of the time.
In the indirect coal firing technique, you dry the incoming coal/ lignite first in the coal mills with hot flue gas and then you send 30% of that pulverized wet coal into a second set of electrostatic precipitators (vapor/brueden filters at +62m boiler elevation ) for further drying with outgoing hot flue gas.
This “indirect firing” was borrowed from cement process; it might be called technology plagiarism, and that can not be proven after 20 years of interrupted operation. Operation was almost in mess, non-stop operation was not possible for 4 units altogether. When they call that “indirect coal firing” as the great western technology, I cannot conceal my smile.
E/Ps are out of service most of the time, and the 2 of total 4 stacks in operation pour huge flyash into atmosphere. If E/Ps are not working properly in a thermal power plant, and furthermore if they have no flue gas desulphurization on the stacks, then it is our sincere feeling that those power plants have to be stopped for operation since their harm to nearby environment is greater that the expected gain in electricity generation to the national grid.
We then visited the thermal power plant named B. That was brand new thermal power plant in final acceptance until year 2008.
We have been informed that the major foreign contractor company in charge of boilers had bankruptcy in year 2002 and the plant was completed by jointly and severally liable partner companies. Practically there is limited or even almost no engineering capability nor responsibility in case of any boiler malfunction. Local contractor companies have limited major boiler engineering capability and/or contractual responsibility; hence they just wait in their prefabricated site facilities to pass the final acceptance period.
Another point is that B Thermal power plant has no individual coal feeding system in operation. That is tendered but the new facility is expected to be in operation in the next 3-5 year time. There is one temporary coal feeding system 5-km long from nearby Thermal Power plant A, but that extension line seems not sufficient to operate the B unit in full capacity. So you have a thermal power plant with no major incoming fuel facility to fire.
Thermal Power plant Unit-B is brand new, clean, and better, fully equipped with sufficient capacity flue gas desulphurization systems, with high capacity flue gas dust collecting electrostatic precipitators. We visualized almost no apparent dust on the existing stacks. It has 4 units of water based cooling towers and 2 common stack for all 4 units. We could see only harmless vapor outgoing from cooling towers.
You can collect the outgoing dust- fly ash, but thermal power plant has no ash dam/ no ash collecting area. Ash is collected in nearby open area and left there at the mercy of nature’s hard wind. When the hard wind blows, everywhere comes under ash rain.
Another important point to note is that the thermal power plant- Unit-B is constructed at the center of new coal field, so you have no ability to get coal underneath of the power plant. That is another poor planning.
B plant was in operation with 2 units when we were in the plant. One boiler had boiler tube failure. The other was out of operation due to water shortage.
Both thermal power plants were equipped with water cooling. That water cooling process needs huge amount of water. Available water is not sufficient for both plants to be in full operation. If they do, then the nearby municipalities can not supply water to their citizens for their household consumption. We were told that new water dams were in tendering and they would be in operation within 3-5 year time. If you need that much water, why don't you make the power plant design for air cooled operation? It would certainly cost some more money but you could have all boiler units in operation when needed.
This site report is a sort of black humor. Clean Coal Technologies Workshop in Elbistan will create a great opportunity for all interested local parties to enable them to learn from past mistakes, to investigate the possible/ applicable technologies, to investigate and assess the available intellectual capability of the local human resources.
We were very pleased to join/ support/ contribute to the event, hope to organize similar events in international platforms.
Your comments are always welcome.
On 31st October, 1-2 November, we were in Afsin Elbistan coal mine and thermal power plant premises to participate "Clean Coal Technologies" workshop, which was organized by Chambers of Mining, Mechanical, Chemical and Electrical Engineers of Turkey.
Our workshop agenda covered the following key subjects
- Coal, its importance in Turkish Energy politics
- Turkish Local energy resources, renewable potentials
- Coal mine regional site planning
- Economics of Elbistan Coal Reserves,
- Coal preparation, Enhancing, Selective Mining,
- Recultivation of coal fields, Plant Recovery
- Coal gasification at site, underground in the mine field
- Coal gasification and liquefaction, above ground
- Applicable Coal firing technologies,
- Assessment of existing indirect pulverized coal firing
- New Coal firing technologies, Circulating Fluidized Bed,
- Integrated gasification combined cycle, applications
- Flue gas desulphurization, e/p dust collectors,
- New High Voltage Power transmission applications/ new solutions
We all know that the most important electric power generation projects are in "Afsin Elbistan" region where the largest lignite mines are located in Turkey; including almost half of the entire local proven reserves.
The existing power plants (Groups A and B) are based on pulverized coal firing technology which need relatively higher calorific value plus less moisture. Indirect type Pulverized coal firing technique can be successful only if you lower the moisture content and hence with higher the calorific value.
Available coal has a challenging content with very poor Low calorific value at about average 1150 kcal per kg, and 55% moisture, 20% ash, 1.5-4% sulphur.
We had the opportunity to listen/ visualize important presentations of Turkish academicians as well as market experts from public and private enterprises.
On Friday morning, we had the site visit to Elbistan lignite mine field in Kislakoy. We were very proud to observe that Kislakoy Lignite mine fields were extraordinary. It was a huge man-made valley, with huge bucket wheelers, reclaimers, and stackers - coal band conveyors in operation. It is my feeling that there are so few similar examples on the world.
We then passed near recultivated coal fields with new trees planted on. It was an extraordinary application of recultivation on already depleted coal fields.
Finally we arrived to the thermal power plants, named A and B each with 1400 MWe installed electric generating capacity at full load.
Thermal Power plant (A) has no fluegas desulphurization. It was built in early 1980s, and its firing technique was based on indirect firing of pulverized coal. Power plant (A) electrostatic precipitators were designed at low capacity dust collecting. One other set of E/Ps were loaded with 30% of incoming pulverized coal for drying prior to final firing in the boiler combustion chamber. Hence they cannot carry the extended load and they are out of service most of the time.
In the indirect coal firing technique, you dry the incoming coal/ lignite first in the coal mills with hot flue gas and then you send 30% of that pulverized wet coal into a second set of electrostatic precipitators (vapor/brueden filters at +62m boiler elevation ) for further drying with outgoing hot flue gas.
This “indirect firing” was borrowed from cement process; it might be called technology plagiarism, and that can not be proven after 20 years of interrupted operation. Operation was almost in mess, non-stop operation was not possible for 4 units altogether. When they call that “indirect coal firing” as the great western technology, I cannot conceal my smile.
E/Ps are out of service most of the time, and the 2 of total 4 stacks in operation pour huge flyash into atmosphere. If E/Ps are not working properly in a thermal power plant, and furthermore if they have no flue gas desulphurization on the stacks, then it is our sincere feeling that those power plants have to be stopped for operation since their harm to nearby environment is greater that the expected gain in electricity generation to the national grid.
We then visited the thermal power plant named B. That was brand new thermal power plant in final acceptance until year 2008.
We have been informed that the major foreign contractor company in charge of boilers had bankruptcy in year 2002 and the plant was completed by jointly and severally liable partner companies. Practically there is limited or even almost no engineering capability nor responsibility in case of any boiler malfunction. Local contractor companies have limited major boiler engineering capability and/or contractual responsibility; hence they just wait in their prefabricated site facilities to pass the final acceptance period.
Another point is that B Thermal power plant has no individual coal feeding system in operation. That is tendered but the new facility is expected to be in operation in the next 3-5 year time. There is one temporary coal feeding system 5-km long from nearby Thermal Power plant A, but that extension line seems not sufficient to operate the B unit in full capacity. So you have a thermal power plant with no major incoming fuel facility to fire.
Thermal Power plant Unit-B is brand new, clean, and better, fully equipped with sufficient capacity flue gas desulphurization systems, with high capacity flue gas dust collecting electrostatic precipitators. We visualized almost no apparent dust on the existing stacks. It has 4 units of water based cooling towers and 2 common stack for all 4 units. We could see only harmless vapor outgoing from cooling towers.
You can collect the outgoing dust- fly ash, but thermal power plant has no ash dam/ no ash collecting area. Ash is collected in nearby open area and left there at the mercy of nature’s hard wind. When the hard wind blows, everywhere comes under ash rain.
Another important point to note is that the thermal power plant- Unit-B is constructed at the center of new coal field, so you have no ability to get coal underneath of the power plant. That is another poor planning.
B plant was in operation with 2 units when we were in the plant. One boiler had boiler tube failure. The other was out of operation due to water shortage.
Both thermal power plants were equipped with water cooling. That water cooling process needs huge amount of water. Available water is not sufficient for both plants to be in full operation. If they do, then the nearby municipalities can not supply water to their citizens for their household consumption. We were told that new water dams were in tendering and they would be in operation within 3-5 year time. If you need that much water, why don't you make the power plant design for air cooled operation? It would certainly cost some more money but you could have all boiler units in operation when needed.
This site report is a sort of black humor. Clean Coal Technologies Workshop in Elbistan will create a great opportunity for all interested local parties to enable them to learn from past mistakes, to investigate the possible/ applicable technologies, to investigate and assess the available intellectual capability of the local human resources.
We were very pleased to join/ support/ contribute to the event, hope to organize similar events in international platforms.
Your comments are always welcome.
posted by yuvakuran at 1:43 AM
3 Comments:
Hi Haluk
That was an interesting in-depth report of you visit.
Re,"Large bucket wheelers" I have seen those vehicles in operation
when the `Cornish Alps' had their peaks levelled. I would imagine
the buckets held at least 20 to 30 cubic metres of spoil. The cabs
were so high off the ground, ladders had to be fixed to allow the
driver access to their work station.They were powered by Rolls Royce
engines and some were driven by young slips of ladies. I should
mention here that the `Cornish Alps' is the name given to the huge
mountains of spoil excavated to expose the decomposed granite, which
is then hosed under pressure and the resultant clay slurry pumped by
pipelines miles long to the processing plants.
Re. " Recultivated coal fields" The mountains of clay waste still
standing have been planted with a special maram grass to hold the
sand together and then grazed by a herd of mountain sheep or goats
to keep it down to a reasonable level.
Re. "2 of 4 stacks pour huge flyash into the atmosphere"
The homes of the clayworkers around the claypits suffered from this
for years.
One answer was to use scrubbers, a box like structure through which
the flyash passed in the flue emissions this was sprayed with water.
The idea being, the particles would be washed by water and descend
to the drain. I would imagine your electrostatic precipitators are a
modern version of the scrubber.
Re. "Coal underneath the power plant" Cornwall is riddled with old
mine shafts and tunnels.It is not unusual for part of someone's
garden to disappear overnight into a tunnel which has collapsed,
leaving a hole the size of a house.
Perhaps it might be appropriate here to tell you of a coal mining
disaster unprecedented in the history of Welsh mining.
At 9.15 am on October 21st 1966, the children of the village of
Aberfan were taking their first lesson of the morning on the last
day before the half term holiday.
Towering above the village stood a mountain of coal waste which
heavy rains turned into a mudslide causing a black tidal wave 40
feet high burying the schoolhouse and many village homes.
One half of all the children of Aberfan and five teachers were
smothered to death under this black slime. 144 lives were lost 116
of who were children.
That is the price we have to pay when irresponsible masters of
industry place accumulation of profit before human life.
As always
Wings
‘Elbistan havzasını Türkiye’ye tanıtacağız’
Dört odanın genel merkezi tarafından düzenlenen, ‘Temiz Kömür Teknolojileri ve Yakma Teknikleri Semineri’ sona erdi. Seminerin amacına ulaştığını kaydeden Maden Mühendisleri Odası Yönetim Kurulu Başkanı Mehmet Torun, Elbistan havzasındaki linyit zenginliğini tüm Türkiye’ye tanıtmak ve yeni yatırımlar ile ülke kazandırılması için çalışmalarda bulunacaklarını söyledi.
Türkiye Maden Mühendisleri Odası’nın öncülüğünde, Elektrik Mühendisleri Odası, Kimya Mühendisleri Odası ve Makine Mühendisleri Odası tarafından ortaklaşa düzenlenen, ‘Temiz Kömür Teknolojileri ve Yakma Teknikleri Semineri’ sona erdi.
Seminerin ardından Afşin-Elbistan Linyitleri (AEL) İşletme Müdürlüğü kömür sahasını ve termik santralleri gezen oda yöneticileri, üyeler ve akademisyenler, devasa tesislere hayranlıklarını gizleyemediler.
AEL İşletme Müdürü Süha Dinç’in ev sahipliğini yaptığı seminerin son gününde, özellikle kömür havzası ve kömürün çıkarılış evreleri incelendi.
Seminerin amacına ulaştığını, Türkiye’nin medarı iftiharı olan bir işletmede bu semineri düzenlemekten büyük mutluluk duyduklarını anlatan, Türkiye Maden Mühendisleri Odası Yönetim Kurulu Başkanı Mehmet Torun, Elbistan havzasını Türkiye’nin tanıması gerektiğini söyledi.
Kömür sahasında dev kazıcı makinelerin kömür çıkartışını izleyen akademisyenler ve mühendisler, bol bol hatıra fotoğrafı çektirdiler.
Seminerin amacına ulaştığını kaydeden Torun, yaptığı açıklamada şunları söyledi:
“Bu seminerde kömürün üretiminden, kazanda yakışına kadar birçok konu detaylı olarak incelendi. Ülkemizin, Elbistan gibi bir yerdeki kaynağının daha iyi kullanılması ve sanayiye kazandırılması konusunda, bilim adamlarının, akademisyenlerin ve uzmanların görüşlerinin toplandığı eğitim seminerinin başarıyla sonuçlandığını düşünmekteyim. Bu anlamda bizim amacımız Elbistan havzasının Türkiye’ye tanıtımı, Elbistan kömürlerinin ülke sanayisinde kullanımı ile ilgili önceliklerin herkes tarafından kabul edilmesi amacıyla böyle bir çalışmayı düzenledik.
Seminere yaklaşık 150 kişi katıldı. Amacına ulaştığını düşünüyorum. Seminerin sonunda ise bir sonuç bildirgesi yayınlayarak bunu tüm kamuoyu ile paylaşmak istiyoruz. Sonuç bildirgesi dikkatle incelecek olursa, ülke kaynaklarının öncelikli olarak kullanılması gerektiğini vurguladık. Özellikle enerjide yüzde 45 oranında doğalgaza bağımlı olan ülkemizin bu yanlışlığı acilen düzeltmesi amacıyla Elbistan havzasına daha büyük yatırımlar yapması gerektiğini, bunlar yapılırken çevreye uyumlu projelerin birlikte değerlendirilmesi gerektiğini seminerde belirttik. Seminerin sonunda yaptığımız panel ile de bunu detaylı olarak inceledik.
Maden Mühendisleri Odası başta olmak üzere tüm odaların önceliğinde insan var. Her şeyin insan sağlığı öncelikli olarak kabul ediyoruz. Her şeyi insana hizmet edecek şekilde düşünüyoruz. Elbistan havzasında kanser vakaları yükseliyorsa, kanser vakalarının kömürden kaynaklandığı belgeleniyor ise bizler tabiî ki bu konuda da üzerimize düşeni yapacağız.
AEL İşletmesi ve santraller bizim medarı iftiharımız, ülkemizin gözbebeği diye düşünüyoruz. Dünyanın 4. büyük maden işletmesi. Biz burada emek veren tüm maden emekçilerini saygıyla selamlıyoruz. Devletimizden de buraya çok daha büyük yatırımlar yapmasını bekliyoruz. Bunu Ankara’ya gittiğimizde de raporlarımız ile bildireceğiz.”
Üç gün süren seminere ev sahipliği yapan AEL İşletme Müdürü Süha Dinç, seminerin işletme açısından da büyük öneme sahip olduğunu kaydederek, şöyle konuştu:
“Oda başkanlarının burada olması çok memnuniyet verici. Buradaki heyecanı görüyoruz. Konuklarımızın çok büyük bir heyecan yaşadıklarını görebiliyorum, bu heyecanı onlarla paylaşıyorum. Türkiye’nin en büyük işletmesini görmelerinden dolayı çok mutluyuz. Misafirlerimiz makinelerin üzerine çıkıp foto çektiriyorlar, burada biraz daha kalmak istiyorlar. Kömürün nasıl çıkarıldığını, enerjiye nasıl dönüştüğünü görmek istiyorlar. Hocalarımızı, oda başkanlarımızı burada görmekten, misafir etmekten onur duyuyorum. İnşallah bu etkinlikler devam eder ve bizde bölgemizi daha iyi tanıtırız. Bu bölgenin gerçek değerine ulaşmasına faydalı oluruz. Seminerin çok isabetli bir karar olduğunu düşünüyorum. Türkiye’nin çeşitli bölgelerinde ve Ankara’da yapılan bu seminerlerin bizim bölgemizde de yapılmış olmasının çok büyük faydalar sağlayacağını düşünüyorum. 24 yıldır böyle bir etkinlik, böyle bir seminer bu bölgede yapılmadı. O nedenle başkanımıza çok teşekkür ediyorum.” Elbistan'in sesi gazetesi
Haluk Bey Merhaba,
Elbistan-B Termik Santralý'ný ,malumunuz olduðu üzere EPC bazýnda
Mitsubishi - Babcock - Enka ve GTT (Gama-Tekfen-Tokar) dan oluþan Konsorsyum
üstlenerek tamamlamýþtýr.Bu Konsorsyumun GTT kanadý olarak ,Afþin-Elbistan A
ve B Santrallarýna yaptýðýnýz gezinin ardýndan kaleme almýþ olduðunuz site
visit follow-up baþlýklý yazýnýzda yer alan birkaç husus hakkýnda bazý
açýklayýcý ayrýntýlarýn verilmesinin yararlý ve gerekli olduðunu
düþünüyoruz:
NOT 1.:
"Thermal Power Plant A has no fluegas desulphurisation in construction."
cümlesi ile baþlayan paragraf ve takibeden iki paragraf okunduðu zaman,
ünitelerdeki elektrostatik presipitatörlerin ( E/Ps ) hem kül tutma hem de
toz kömürün %30'unu kurutma görevini yaptýðý gibi bir anlam çýkýyor.Oysa ki
her ünitede iki ayrý E/P sistemi var.Bir tanesi kazandan çýkan " flue gas
" hattý üzerinde olan ve bacadan hemen önce yer alan klasik " kül tutucu "
elektrostatik presipitatörlerdir.
Diðeri ise " boiler house " 'ýn +62 m kotlarýndaki çatýsý üzerine monte
edilen ve " vapour filters " veya " Brüden filters " diye de adlandýrýlan ve
kömür tozunu kurutma görevini yapan elektrostatik presipitatörlerdir.Bu
ikinciler " flue gas "'in sýcaklýðý ile toz kömürü kuruturlar.Yani kömür
tozundaki suyu buharlaþtýrarak atmosfere verirler ( bir anlamda suyunu
tutarlar ).Kurutulmuþ olan kömür tozu yanmaya sevkedilir, kurutma iþinde
kullanýlan sýcak baca gazý da ( flue gas ) aþaðýdaki kül tutan E/Ps' den
geçtikten sonra bacadan atmosfere ,veya B santralinde olduðu gibi,
desülfürizasyon ünitesine ve oradan soðutma kulesi içinden geçirilip
atmosfere verilir.
NOT 2.:
"However we have been informed that the major foreign contractor company has
bankrupt and the plant was completed by the newly formed company with almost
no contractual obligation and responsibility" cümlesiyle baþlayan paragraf
hatalarla doludur.
a) Iflas olayý doðru olmakla birlikte iflas eden firma "major" deðildir ve
iþler söylenildiði gibi baþýboþ kalmamýþtýr.
Doðru ve açýk bilgi : Bu proje, EÜAÞ tarafýndan, en ucuz teklifi vermiþ
olan Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (Japonya), Babcock Kraftwerkstechnik
(Almanya), Gama-Tekfen-Tokar Adi Ortaklýðý (Türkiye), ENKA (Türkiye), ve
Mitsubishi Corporation (Japonya) firmalarýnýn oluþturduðu Konsorsiyum'a
ihale edilmiþtir.Konsorsiyumun Lideri Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
firmasýdýr.Babcock firmasý kazan ve ilgili ekipmanlarýnýn teslimatýný
yapmaktadýr ve 2 Eylül 2002 tarihinde mahkeme kararý ile iflasý ilan
edilmiþtir.
b) "...newly formed company..." diye birþey yoktur. EÜAÞ ile Konsorsiyum
arasýndaki Sözleþme'nin þartlarýna göre Konsorsiyum üyeleri EÜAÞ'a karþý
münferiden ve müteselsil olarak sorumludurlar ( jointly and severally
liable ). Dolayýsý ile, diðer üyeler, Sözleþme gereði olarak, iflas etmiþ
olan Babcock'un kapsamýný ve sorumluluklarýný üstlenerek, ve de Babcock'un
eski elemanlarýný ( dolayýsý ile know-how'ýný ) kullanarak, iþe devam
etmiþler ve her dört ünitenin geçici kabulünü baþarýlý bir þekilde,ve
Sözleþme'nin öngördüðü süre içinde, gerçekleþtirmiþlerdir.
c) "...no contractual obligation and responsibility..." diye bir durum söz
konusu deðildir ve yukarýda izah edilen Sözleþme þartlarýna göre böyle
birþey zaten mümkün deðildir.
d) Paragrafýn geri kalan cümleleri de hilaf-ý hakikattýr.Konsorsiyum'un
elemanlarýna ilaveten, iflas eden Babcock'un iki uzmaný da santralde sürekli
bulunmakta ve Babcock kapsamýna ait geçici kabul eksik ve kusurlu iþlerinin
tamamlanmasýna nezaret etmektedirler.Bu ekip ayrýca Almanya'dan, Babcock'u
satýn almýþ olan Hitachi Europe firmasýndan da "engineering" desteði
almaktadýr.Bütün bunlarýn masraflarý Konsorsiyum'un iflas etmemiþ olan
üyelerince karþýlanmaktadýr.
e) "...to pass the temporary acceptance period..." ifadesi de yanýltýcýdýr.
"Temporary Acceptance" zaten gerçekleþtirilmiþ olup santral EÜAÞ'a teslim
edilmiþtir ve halen EÜAÞ tarafýndan çalýþtýrýlmaktadýr.Þu anda 2 yýllýk
"Guarantee Period" içinde bulunulmaktadýr. Kesin kabuller 2008 yýlý içinde
Mart ile Kasým aylarý arasýnda ( her ünite için ayrý ayrý)
yapýlacaktýr.Üniteler geçici kabulden bugüne kadar çalýþmakta olup,
Sözleþmede belirlenen ve karþýlanmamasý durumunda aðýr para cezalarý
öngörülen bütün kriterleri ( emre amadelik, min. yýllýk üretim, atmosfere
verilen kirlilik düzeyi ,vs. ) karþýlamýþ bulunmaktadýrlar.
f) Hava soðutmalý sistem önerisi son derece yerindedir. Gün geçtikçe deðer
kazanan suyun kaybý ve dolayýsý ile tarýmsal sulamaya sunulan miktarýn
azalmasýnýn milli ekonomiye getirdiði kayýplar da hesaba katýlýrsa, su
soðutmalý sistemden daha ekonomik olma ihtimali oldukça yüksektir.
Bu þekilde konuya açýklýk getirebilmiþ olmayý umarak bilgilerinize sunarýz.
Saygýlarýmýzla.
Tufan Tunçyüz ODTÜ Mak.Müh.74
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